Interlinear library

Carved in the pyramid of Unas at Saqqara near the end of the Fifth Dynasty, about 2350 BC (reign dates vary between chronologies by some decades); the composition may be older

old-egyptian, egyptological · James Henry Breasted (1912), Doris Topmann, Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae (German) (2018), Weft editorial translation (draft) (2026), R. O. Faulkner (1969, cited, in copyright), James P. Allen (2005, cited, in copyright)

Attributed to Enheduanna, about 2300 BC (Akkad period); this copy is an Old Babylonian school tablet from Ur, about 1800 BC

recon-2300, classroom · Weft editorial translation (draft) (2026), Åke W. Sjöberg and Eugen Bergmann (1969, cited, in copyright), J. A. Black, G. Cunningham, E. Robson, G. Zólyomi and others (1998, cited, in copyright), Daniel A. Foxvog (2021, cited, in copyright), Betty De Shong Meador (2009, cited, in copyright), Sophus Helle (2023, cited, in copyright)

Set up late in Hammurabi's reign, about 1755–1750 BC, in Old Babylonian; the stele in the Louvre (Sb 8) was carried to Susa about 1150 BC

ob-1750, classroom · Robert Francis Harper (1904), Leonard William King (1910)

Composed about 1500–1200 BC and handed down orally, pitch accent included, for many centuries before it was written down

vedic, modern · Ralph T. H. Griffith (1896), H. H. Wilson (1850)

The judgments and line statements are conventionally dated to the late Western Zhou, about the 9th century BC; the dating is debated and the text may have taken shape over several generations. The oldest manuscript, the Chu bamboo slips held by the Shanghai Museum (about 300 BC), covers about half the hexagrams. This is the received text

old-chinese, tang, mandarin · James Legge (1882), Richard Wilhelm, rendered into English by Cary F. Baynes (1950, cited, in copyright)

Composed about 750–700 BC, probably a generation before the Odyssey

restored, erasmian · Samuel Butler (1898), Andrew Lang, Walter Leaf and Ernest Myers (1883)

Composed about 725–675 BC

restored, erasmian · Samuel Butler (1900), S. H. Butcher and Andrew Lang (1879)

Composed in the first millennium BC, taking its final form around the 500s–400s BC; the vowel points were added about AD 900

Reads right to left · tiberian, modern-israeli · Jewish Publication Society (1917), Geneva Bible (1599), King James Version (1611)

Traditionally by Sun Wu, who served King Helü of Wu (reigned 514 to 496 BC); most scholars date the text as transmitted to the Warring States period, 5th to 4th century BC. The oldest manuscript is the bamboo-slip text from the Han tomb at Yinqueshan, closed in the 2nd century BC; Weft prints the transmitted text

old-chinese, tang, mandarin · Lionel Giles (1910), E. F. Calthrop (1908)

Aristotle's lectures, about 350–322 BC, gathered as the Metaphysics after his death

restored, erasmian · Thomas Taylor (1801), John H. M'Mahon (1857)

Compiled in the Warring States period, 4th to 3rd century BC; chapter 2 is on the Guodian bamboo slips (buried about 300 BC), chapter 1 first on the Mawangdui silk manuscripts (before 168 BC); this text is Wang Bi's recension (about AD 240)

old-chinese, tang, mandarin · James Legge (1891), John Chalmers (1868)

Completed about AD 8

classical, ecclesiastical · Arthur Golding (1567), Brookes More (1922)

Augustus's account of his deeds, left with his will at his death in AD 14 and set up on bronze before his mausoleum in Rome; known from the copy on the temple of Rome and Augustus at Ancyra (Ankara)

classical, ecclesiastical · William Fairley (1898), Frederick W. Shipley (1924)

Written about AD 53–55

koine, erasmian · William Tyndale (1534), Geneva Bible (1599), King James Version (1611)

Written about AD 80–90

koine, erasmian · William Tyndale (1534), Geneva Bible (1599), King James Version (1611)

Written about AD 90–110

koine, erasmian · William Tyndale (1534), Geneva Bible (1599), King James Version (1611)

Compiled by Arrian from Epictetus's teaching, about AD 125

koine, restored, erasmian · George Long (1877), Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1865)

Written about AD 170–180, private notes kept in Greek by the Roman emperor, much of it on campaign

koine, restored, erasmian · George Long (1862), Meric Casaubon (1634)

The Sahidic translation of Mark is usually dated to the 3rd or 4th century; the oldest substantial Sahidic manuscripts of Mark are of the 5th century or later, and this digital text follows later manuscripts as standardized by its editors

sahidic, bohairic · George William Horner (1911), King James Version (1611)

Carved about 400 (Kylver, Gallehus) to about 800 (Rök)

as-carved · George Stephens (1884), Weft editorial translation of the modern reading (draft) (2026)

Composed perhaps between the 4th and 6th centuries AD; the date is uncertain

old-tamil, modern · G. U. Pope (1886), W. H. Drew (1840)

Written in the early-to-mid 700s, Tang dynasty

tang, mandarin, cantonese · L. Cranmer-Byng (1909)

Composed between the 700s and about 1000; manuscript about 1000

west-saxon · Francis Barton Gummere (1910), William Morris and A. J. Wyatt (1895)

Composed in the Viking Age, 800s–900s; written down about 1270

old-norse, modern-icelandic · Henry Adams Bellows (1923), Benjamin Thorpe (1866)

Date of composition debated, from the 900s to the 1200s; written down about 1270 in the Codex Regius

old-norse, modern-icelandic · Henry Adams Bellows (1923), Benjamin Thorpe (1866)

Composed about 1000, near the conversion of Iceland to Christianity; written down about 1270 in the Codex Regius

old-norse, modern-icelandic · Henry Adams Bellows (1923), Benjamin Thorpe (1866)

Embroidered most likely in England in the decade after 1066, probably for Bishop Odo of Bayeux; recorded at Bayeux Cathedral in 1476

anglo-norman, classical · Frank Rede Fowke (1898), John Collingwood Bruce (1856)

Attributed to Omar Khayyam of Nishapur (1048–1131); the earliest manuscripts behind this selection were copied in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

Reads right to left · early, modern · Edward FitzGerald (1889), Edward Heron-Allen (1899)

Compiled in Kiev in the early 12th century from older annals; this text is the Laurentian copy, written in 1377

orv1100, ru · Samuel Hazzard Cross (1930), Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1953, cited, in copyright)

Two grants by the same earl, known only from later copies: the land of Duglyn to the canons of Cambuskenneth, between his creation as earl in 1207 and the death of King William of Scots in December 1214; and the church of Gask to the Hospital of Brackley, dated by its 1908 editors to 1218 or early 1219, shortly before he left on crusade

anglo-latin, classical · William Alexander Lindsay, John Dowden and John Maitland Thomson (eds.) (1908), William Fraser (ed.) (1872), Weft editorial translation (2026)

Sealed at Runnymede, 15 June 1215

anglo-latin, classical · William Sharp McKechnie (1905), Kenneth Bell (1910)

Written by Snorri Sturluson about 1220 as part of a handbook for poets; the main manuscripts date from the first half of the 1300s

old-norse, modern-icelandic · Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur (1916), Rasmus B. Anderson (1880)

Composed at the Mongol court in a Year of the Rat, seventh month, as its colophon says; the year is usually taken as 1228 or 1240. The Mongolian original is lost; it survives in a transcription into Chinese characters with word glosses, made at the Ming court in the late 14th century

mm-1250 · Weft editorial translation (2026), Ming court translators, the summary translation (總譯) into Chinese (late 14th c.), Igor de Rachewiltz (2015, cited, in copyright)

Written down about 1270 in the Codex Regius, between Reginsmál and Sigrdrífumál; when the verse was composed is not known, and the prose links are probably the compiler's

old-norse, modern-icelandic · Henry Adams Bellows (1923), Benjamin Thorpe (1866)

Written down at Genoa in 1298 by Rustichello of Pisa from Marco Polo's account, as the book's prologue states; the text here is the Franco-Italian manuscript BnF fr. 1116, copied in the early 14th century, as printed in 1824

fr1300, it1300 · Henry Yule (1871), William Marsden (1818)

The Commedia was begun about 1306–1308 and finished shortly before Dante's death in 1321; the journey is set at Easter 1300

florentine, modern · Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1867), Henry Francis Cary (1814)

Written about 1310–1320

old-norse, modern-icelandic · William Morris and Eiríkr Magnússon (1869), George Ainslie Hight (1914)

Composed about 1350 as the opening sonnet of the collection; Petrarch revised the Canzoniere until his death in 1374

florentine, modern · Nott, in Bohn's Petrarch (1859), Thomas Wentworth Higginson (1903), Joseph Auslander (1931, cited, in copyright)

Composed in the thirteenth century from the war of 1180–1185 and recited by biwa hōshi; Kakuichi fixed a text in 1371. This passage is printed from the later vulgate (rufubon) text, in a 1925 edition

kakuichi-1371, hepburn · A. L. Sadler (1918), Weft editorial translation (2026)

Written in 1486 for a disputation in Rome that never took place; first printed in 1496

italian-humanist, classical · William Parr Greswell (1805), Weft editorial translation (draft) (2026), Elizabeth Livermore Forbes (1948, cited, in copyright), A. Robert Caponigri (1956, cited, in copyright)

Dated on the caravel off the Canary Islands, 15 February 1493, with a postscript at Lisbon, 14 March; printed at Barcelona, probably by Pere Posa, by early April 1493

c1492, modern · R. H. Major (1870), Quaritch translation, revised by E. G. Bourne (1893)

Dated at Rome, 4 May 1493 (quarto nonas Maii), seven weeks after Columbus landed at Palos on his return; the chancery issued it in June and dated it back to May

italian-humanist, classical · Frances Gardiner Davenport (1917), Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson (eds.) (1903)

Written 1509 in Thomas More's house, first printed in Paris in 1511

low-countries, classical · John Wilson (1668), White Kennett (attributed; the 1876 reprint names no translator) (1683)

Written in 1513 and circulated in manuscript; first printed in 1532, after Machiavelli's death

florentine, modern · W. K. Marriott (1908), Luigi Ricci (1903)

First printed at Louvain in 1516; this text follows the Basel edition of March 1518

tudor-english, classical · Ralph Robinson (1551), Gilbert Burnet (1684)

Dated 31 October 1517, Wittenberg; printed in Nuremberg, Leipzig and Basel before the end of 1517

german-humanist, ecclesiastical, classical · Adolph Spaeth, L. D. Reed, Henry Eyster Jacobs, et al. (1915)

Biblia: das ist: Die gantze Heilige Schrifft: Deudsch, printed at Wittenberg by Hans Lufft in 1545, the last edition printed in Luther's lifetime; the New Testament first appeared in September 1522, the complete Bible in 1534

ecg1545, modern · William Tyndale (1534), Miles Coverdale (1535), King James Version (1611)

First published at Bordeaux in 1580; the preface is dated 1 March 1580. The text here is the posthumous edition of 1595

m1580, modern · John Florio (1603), Charles Cotton (1685), Unnamed translator, in W. C. Hazlitt's edition of Cotton (1877)

Printed at Amsterdam by Cornelis Claesz in 1596; written after Linschoten's return from Goa in 1592

h1596, modern · William Phillip (1598)

Read out to the daimyō assembled at Fushimi Castle in the seventh month of Keichō 20 (1615), weeks after the fall of Osaka Castle; dated 慶長二十年卯七月. The thirteen articles of this first issue were revised in 1629 and, at greater length, in 1635

keicho-1615, hepburn · Weft editorial translation (2026), James Murdoch (1903)

1644 (Descartes) and 1687 (Newton)

as-first-read, classical · John Veitch (1853), Andrew Motte (1729)

Nine poems composed between 1680 and 1694, in order of composition; the old-pond poem was published in 1686, in the anthology Haru no Hi (Spring Days)

edo-1686, modern · Lafcadio Hearn (1898), Basil Hall Chamberlain (1902), William George Aston (1899), Lafcadio Hearn (1900), Yone Noguchi (1914), Nobuyuki Yuasa (1966, cited, in copyright)

Dated Genroku 15, twelfth month (January 1703 in the Western calendar); carried into Kira Yoshinaka's Edo mansion on the night of the attack, the 14th day of that month, and left there in a box fixed to a bamboo pole

genroku-1703, hepburn · A. B. Mitford (1871), Weft editorial translation (2026)

Was ist Aufklärung? is dated Königsberg, 30 September 1784, and was printed in the Berlinische Monatsschrift for December 1784; the Critik der practischen Vernunft was printed at Riga in 1788

northern, modern · John Richardson (1798), Thomas Kingsmill Abbott (1889)

Told at Zanzibar in the later 1860s and printed by Edward Steere in Swahili Tales, as told by Natives of Zanzibar (London, 1870), pages 364-367

z1870, modern · Edward Steere (1870)

Die fröhliche Wissenschaft was printed at Chemnitz by Ernst Schmeitzner in 1882; the first part of Also sprach Zarathustra followed from the same publisher in 1883

northern, modern · Thomas Common (1910), Thomas Common (1909), Alexander Tille (1896)

Signed at Berlin on 26 February 1885 by the plenipotentiaries of fourteen states; ratified at Berlin on 19 April 1886. the Act was drawn up and signed in French; the English versions are translations

fr1885, modern · British Foreign Office translation, as printed by Sir Edward Hertslet (1909), Unnamed translator, in the Supplement to the American Journal of International Law (1909)